There is clerical and other administrative staff working in a number of services in the universities, such as:

• Academic affairs and student welfare services; • Financial services; • Human resource services; • Information systems services; • Library; • Research and international relations services; • Technical services; • Promotion and development services (alumni relations, communication, development, events).   The personnel are appointed by the universities, but their conditions of service are those of a civil servant. The directors of these services are required to have postgraduate qualifications. Similar services operate in all other institutions of higher education.