There is no particular regulation that frame in-service training of the academic staff of tertiary education. However, after the 1980s, there has been a significant increase in the quality and quantity of the academic publications when the UAK demanded internationally recognized article publications indexed in respected databases for the application of the associate professorship examination. Similarly, by 2000, it is evident that there is a sharp increase in the number of scholarly conferences, seminars, panels and alike. In addition, the digital libraries and databases, including articles, monographs, dissertations and theses, have been provided for Turkish scholars, mostly by the cooperation of CoHE and universities. Over the last few years, TUBITAK Cahit Arf Science Center provides a professional development opportunity for the Turkish scholars by providing a national scholarly database of journals and recognition of journals as well as disseminating them across the universities. Yet another increasing activity and opportunity of the Turkish faculty staff is the Farabi and Mevlana mobility programs, which enable researchers to visit local or international universities and/or research insitutions for educational or research purposes.